History of Ion Exchange Resin: Two Englishmen Thompson and Way, first recognized the process of ion exchange in 1850. They reported that when a fertilizer solution poured over a column of soil, ammonia in the fertilizer solution was replaced by calcium from the soil. Ion exchange was not used for any industrial application until 1905. … Read more
What is Langelier Saturation Index? Langelier Saturation Index(LSI) was developed by Scientist Langelier in 1936. The LSI is used to determine the need for calcium carbonate precipitation scale control in water sources containing a TDS concentration of less than 10,000 mg/L LSI is most widely used tool to predict tendency of cooling water. In order … Read more
What is pH level of water? The term pH means “Power of Hydrogen” or “Potential of Hydrogen” in chemistry. But simply pH level of water indicates the concentration of hydrogen ion in water. pH Formula & pH Scale: pH = -log[H+] Based on hydrogen ion concentration pH scale is developed. pH scale ranges from 0 … Read more
Alkalinity of Water Definition: Alkalinity of water means acid neutralization capacity of water. When you add acid in water (adding H+ ions) water absorbs H+ ions without showing significant change in pH. Mainly, it is due to carbonate, bicarbonate & hydroxide ion present in water or the mixture of two ions present in water. The … Read more
What is Water Hardness? Simple definition of hardness of water is the amount of calcium & magnesium ions present in water. It is divided in two parts carbonate or temporary hardness and non-carbonate or permanent hardness. It is a major source of scale in water systems i.e. boiler water & cooling water system. Softening is … Read more
Normality in chemistry is very important term & very useful to making reagents for analysis. Unfortunately, many professional even experienced professionals don’t have the clear basics concept of normality. I guarantee you after reading this article you have solid understanding about normality & its calculation. Defination: Normality in chemistry means numbers of equivalents per liter … Read more
Molarity means numbers of moles of solute per liter of solution.It is denoted by symbol M. Based on this defination the molarity formula becomes as below: To understand molarity concept first you need to know what is mole & How to calculate it. Calculation of Numbers of Mole in Solution: To calculate mole we take … Read more
Circulation in Boiler: Types of water circulation in industrial steam water tube boilers: Water circulation in boiler can be classified in three different types of systems. Natural Circulation Controlled Circulation Combined Circulation #1.Natural Circulation In Boiler: Boiler feed water which is pumped with high pressure boiler feed water pumps first reaches at economizer. Here temperature … Read more
What is Cation Conductivity? This term is generally applicable in boiler water treatment. The concept is same as Strong Acid Cation(SAC) column works in DM Plant. To measure cation conductivity water sample is passing through cation column filled with cation resin in the hydrogen (H+) form. It is also known as acid conductivity. Why It … Read more